Inclusive pedagogy is more than just a set of “best practices.” Designing an equitable and inclusive classroom begins with examining your course goals.

• Anne Fox suggests that, regardless of the disciplinary field, “the classroom represents a space of performance, in which we might historicize disability, represent disability culture, interrogate traditional narratives of disability, and invigorate our own canons, whatever they may be” (“How to Crip the Undergraduate Classroom,” 39). 

• As Karen Teel strives to create anti-racist classrooms, she offers a similar vision for her classroom: “In my courses, I aspire to create spaces in which students can recognize their roles in social issues, issues that do not conveniently park themselves outside the academy but often arise precisely within classrooms and educational institutions more broadly. […] ” (“Getting out of the Left Lane,” 4). 

Focusing on diversity, equity, and inclusion in your course goals communicates the centrality of these values to your students and creates a powerful opportunity for you and your students to collaboratively and individually reflect on these issues.

Further Action Steps:

1. Reflect on the existing goals for your course. What are the key learning goals you hope your students will achieve over the course of the semester?
2. Reflect on yourself and your students as you develop these goals. What are your experiences and what learning might be helpful for you to do in order to bring these issues to your classroom? What sorts of goals or learning might best help your students to develop deeper understandings about equity and inclusion?
3. How might equity and inclusion play a substantive role in (re)shaping these goals? Might these be topics of conversation to enrich your classroom discussions? Or do you hope to offer a framework that performs and enact principles of anti-racism or equity and equal access to learning? 
4. Redraft or rearticulate the goals of your course and for your students with questions of equity and access in mind. Think about where and how to make these goals explicit to your students (on the syllabus? On the first day of class? In discussions associated with particular course content?).

We encourage you to diversify your readings and materials in terms of gender, race, ethnicity, class, sexual orientation, political viewpoint, and nationality. As you incorporate diverse texts and resources try to fully integrate these subjects and materials into the curriculum, rather than tokenizing or isolating them to a single day or week (Kishimoto; Shamus Khan on Teaching the Canon). 

As she describes her process of reimagining her course according to disability studies, Fox offers a model of the kinds of questions you might ask as you think about equity and inclusion in your courses. Her lens of disability studies can readily apply to other marginalized voices: 

• “Who is not being heard historically, artistically, or theoretically, from a disability studies perspective?” (39). 
• “Where [can] I locate the presence of disability into that which I [am] already teaching?” (39).
• “How does disability shape [the discipline’s] knowledge and creation, rather than being that which production takes place ‘in spite of?’” (40). 

Revising your course content may involve shifting the structure of the course altogether to include the problem of racism or disability as a key theme of the course or as a school of thought to be studied amongst other theories or ideas. For instance, Fox has moved from a “survey” to an “issue-based approach” that reflects emerging questions in her field as they concern disability and literature (41). 

Further Action Steps:

1. Question the role and presence of underrepresented voices in your field. How have lesser-heard voices shaped or been restricted from shaping knowledge? How might the content of your course reflect this influence, presence, or absence? How might you challenge your students to think about this content from the perspective of marginalized groups?
2. Consider context. As you diversify your readings, think about how you might introduce your students to the ways in which political, economic, and historical contexts shape knowledge in your field.
3. Provide hopeful models of protest for students alongside substantive critiques. Even as you include materials that critique the status quo, it can be helpful and motivating to introduce models of hope that show how people have confronted systemic racism or exclusion (Kishimoto).

Instead of “preaching” diverse content, consider how you and your students can “perform” inclusion (Teel, 17). One way to do this is by making your students active in their own learning. Challenge your students to encounter and think through problems of exclusion, racism, and sexism for themselves and with one another. Help your students to reflect on how your disciplines (from humanities to STEM fields) have been influenced by institutional norms and social expectations that may be explicitly or implicitly biased or racist.

Know too that studies show that active engagement and peer learning especially help to foster disadvantaged and marginalized students’ learning (see, for instance, Active learning narrows achievement gaps for underrepresented students in undergraduate science, technology, engineering, and math (2020), Active learning increases student performance in science, engineering, and mathematics (2014), and Peer-Led Team Learning Helps Minority Students Succeed (2016)).

We also invite you to reflect on your own academic experience and how this may influence your assumptions about the students in your class. In addition, sharing stories with your students about your own struggles with understanding new concepts, making unexpected connections, or solving particular problems may go a long way toward normalizing failure for your high achieving students.  

Further Action Steps:

1. Prioritize small group work. Collaborative work, from partner assignments to larger group discussions, encourages peer learning. 
   1. You might consider “flipping” your classroom so that students consume course content (lectures, readings, etc.) outside of class time and use class-time to process, critique, and apply course material. 
2. Get comfortable with the messiness of equity. Design assignments that help your students to tackle messy questions and issues of inequity and exclusion rather than define an outcome. Experiment with interactive, collaborative assignments alongside more conventional exams, reading responses, and papers. 
   1. Examples include blogs, discussion boards, draft workshops, socially engaged community projects, digital humanities work, mapping, case study analysis, or “exam wrappers.”
3. Make equity explicit. Because many of these principles overlap with active learning overall, remind your students of your specific goal of anti-racist, equitable, and inclusive pedagogy (Kishimoto, 546). Acknowledge upfront that the issues may elicit strong emotions in your students inviting them to be part of a “collaborative learning project” (Unsettling the Academy, 263-264)
4. Leave room for metacognition. As part of active learning assignments and activities, invite students to reflect on their learning in addition to demonstrating their mastery of course content, for instance, in a self-reflection statement accompanying final projects.